Essential oils of Baccharis trinervis (Asteraceae) from Costa Rica / Constituyentes de los aceites esenciales de Baccharis trinervis (Asteraceae) de Costa Rica

Abstract Baccharis is an Asteraceae genus of flowering plants, which has about 340 to 400 species, ranging from the Southern United States to the Southern extreme of Argentina and Chile through Central America and the Caribbean regions. The species Baccharis trinervis is a native shrub from Mexico, Central America and throughout South America. In Costa Rica, this species is commonly known as alcotán and the fresh leaves are used as a poultice on wounds and ulcers. The objective of the present research was to characterize the chemical composition of seven hydrodistilled essential oils of diverse morphological parts of B. trinervis. For this, samples were obtained from three locations in Costa Rica and standard laboratory analyses were followed. The essential oils were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using the retention indices on a 5 % phenyl/dimethylpolysiloxane fused silica column in addition to mass spectral fragmentation patterns, which allowed the identification of 268 compounds. The essential oils consisted mainly of terpenoids (92.3 to 97.8 %). The major constituents from the leaf oils were caryophyllene oxide (0.1-22.5 %), viridiflorol (8.8-21.0 %), germacrene D (0.5-19.1 %), germacrene B (0.2-16.0 %), β-caryophyllene (3.5-9.1 %), spathulenol (0.1-8.3 %), δ-3-carene (2.0-6.8 %), and α-pinene (2.5-5.9 %). The flower oil consisted mainly of globulol (0-24 %), β-caryophyllene (9.5-17.1 %), cismuurola-4(14), 5-diene (traces-13.7 %), germacrene D (4.3-9.9 %), bicyclogermacrene (5.9-8.3 %), ar-curcumene (0-8.0 %), spathulenol (4.3-4.8 %), caryophyllene oxide (3.1-4.7 %), and viridiflorol (0.3-4.7 %). The major components of the branch oil were germacrene B (1.4-18.7 %), germacrene D (14.7-15.6 %), β-caryophyllene (10.1-12.4 %), viridiflorol (0-11.5 %), globulol (0.6-11.3 %), δ-3-carene (4.1-8.1 %), β-phellandrene (1.5-6.5 %), and bicyclogermacrene (3.6-4.9 %). The essential oil composition differed markedly from that of previously studied oils of plants growing in Brazil, which contain two characteristic stereoisomeric methyl dec-2-en4,6-diynoate compounds not detected in this study. This is the first report about the chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from this species growing wild in Costa Rica.

Resumen Baccharis (Asteraceae) es un género de plantas con flor que consta de 340 a 400 especies que habitan desde el sur de EE. UU. hasta Argentina y Chile, incluyendo América Central y varias islas del Caribe. Baccharis trinervis es un arbusto nativo de México, América Central y América del Sur. En Costa Rica, esta especie se conoce popularmente como alcotán y las hojas frescas se utilizan en forma de cataplasma para curar heridas y úlceras. El objetivo del presente estudio fue el de identificar los constituyentes químicos de los aceites esenciales obtenidos de diferentes partes morfológicas de B. trinervis en tres localidades de Costa Rica, obtenidos mediante el método de hidrodestilación. Se analizó la composición química de los aceites por cromatografía capilar de gases con detector de ionización de flama (GCFID) y cromatografía de gases acoplada a un detector de masas (GC-MS), utilizando los índices de retención en una columna tipo DB-5 y los patrones de fragmentación, lo cual permitió la identificación de 268 constituyentes. Los siete aceites están constituidos principalmente por terpenoides (92.3 a 97.8 %). Los compuestos mayoritarios de los aceites de las hojas se identificaron como óxido de cariofileno (0.1-22.5 %), viridiflorol (8.8-21.0 %), germacreno D (0.5-19.1 %), germacreno B (0.2-16.0 %), β-cariofileno (3.5-9.1 %), espatulenol (0.1-8.3 %), δ-3-careno (2.06.8 %), α-pineno (2.5-5.9 %), biciclogermacreno (0-4.4 %), δ-cadineno (0.8-3.4 %), β-elemeno (0.8-3.0 %), limoneno (0.9-2.9 %) y β-pineno (1.3-2.5 %). Los aceites de las flores contienen principalmente globulol (0-24 %), β-cariofileno (9.5-17.1 %), cis-muurola-4(14),5-dieno (t-13.7 %), germacreno D (4.3-9.9 %), biciclogermacreno (5.9-8.3 %), ar-curcumeno (0-8.0 %), espatulenol (4.3-4.8 %), óxido de cariofileno (3.1-4.7 %), viridiflorol (0.3-4.7 %), β-elemeno (2.5-4.3 %), germacreno B (1.8-4.3 %), γ-cadineno (0.32.5 %), δ-3-careno (0.9-2.2 %) y α-humuleno (1.8-2.2 %). Los constituyentes mayoritarios del aceite de las ramitas fueron: germacreno B (1.4-18.7 %), germacreno D (14.7-15.6 %), β-cariofileno (10.1-12.4 %), viridiflorol (0-11.5 %), globulol (0.6-11.3 %), δ-3-careno (4.1-8.1 %), β-felandreno (1.5-6.5 %), biciclogermacreno (3.6-4.9 %), δ-cadineno (3.5-4.3 %), β-copaeno (0.6-2.8 %), β-elemeno (1.3-2.7 %) y γ- muuroleno (1.6-2.6 %). Los aceites estudiados presentan una composición compleja y se diferencian de los aceites obtenidos de la misma especie que crece en Brasil por la ausencia de los compuestos isoméricos diacetilénicos dec-2-en-4,6-diinoato de metilo(Z y E). También se diferencian de los aceites de las plantas de Brasil y Venezuela por la presencia de sesquiterpenoides de la familia de los guayanos, en especial por cantidades apreciables de viridiflorol, globulol y espatulenol.

Essential oil from leaves of Myrcianthes fragrans (Myrtaceae) from Costa Rica: a new chemotype? / Aceite esencial de las hojas de Myrcianthes fragrans (Myrtaceae) de Costa Rica: ¿Un nuevo quimiotipo?

Myrcianthes is a Myrtaceous genus of flowering plants of about 30 to 40 species, distributed in the American continent. The aim of this work was to study the chemical composition of the foliar essential oil from M. fragrans growing wild in central Costa Rica. The essential oil was obtained through the steam distillation process in a Clevenger type apparatus. The chemical composition of the oil was performed by capillary gas chromatography with a flame detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using the retention indices on a DB-5 type capillary column in addition to mass spectral fragmentation patterns. A total of 98 compounds were identified, accounting for 98.8% of the total amount of the oil. The major constituents in the leaf oil were (E)-methyl cinnamate (39.6%), limonene (34.6%), α-pinene (6.8%), and linalool (6.8%). This is the first report of (E)-methyl cinnamate occurring in oils of this plant genus. These findings appear to suggest a new chemotype of M. fragrans.

Myrcianthes (Myrtaceae) consta de 30 a 40 especies, distribuidas en el continente americano. El objetivo del presente trabajo consistió en identificar la composición química del aceite esencial contenido en las hojas de M. fragrans, planta que crece en forma silvestre en el Valle Central de Costa Rica. La extracción del aceite se efectuó mediante el método de hidrodestilación usando un equipo de Clevenger modificado. La composición química del aceite se analizó mediante las técnicas de cromatografía gaseoso-líquida con detector de ionización de llama (GC-FID) y de cromatografía gaseoso-líquida acoplada a un detector de masas (GC-MS). Se utilizaron índices de retención obtenidos en una columna capilar tipo DB-5 y se compararon con los patrones de iones de fragmentación de masas. Se identificaron en total 98 compuestos, correspondientes a un 98.8% de los constituyentes totales. Los componentes mayoritarios del aceite resultaron ser (E)-cinamato de metilo (39.6%), limoneno (34.6%), α-pineno (6.8%) y linalol (6.8%). Este es el primer informe de la aparición de (E)-cinamato de metilo en aceite de hojas de este género de plantas. Los datos obtenidos parecen sugerir un nuevo quimiotipo de M. fragrans.

Composition of the essential oil from leaves of Smallanthus quichensis (Asteraceae) from Costa Rica / Composición química del aceite esencial de las hojas de Smallanthus quichensis (Asteraceae) de Costa Rica

Smallanthus is a genus of flowering plants in the Asteraceae family, which has about 24 species, ranging mostly from southern Mexico and Central America to the Andes in South America. The aim of the present study was to identify the chemical composition of leaf essential oil of S. quichensis, growing wild in Costa Rica. The extraction of the oils was carried out by the hydrodistillation method, using a modified Clevenger type apparatus. The chemical composition of the oils was analyzed by capillary GC-FID and GC-MS using the retention indices on DB-5 type capillary column. A total of 100 compounds were identified, accounting for about 90 percent of the total amount of the oils. Smallanthus quichensis leaf produced a monoterpenoid-rich oil, whose composition was dominated by αlfa-pinene (64.5 percent) and 1,8-cineole (9.7 percent) or, in a different sample, by αlfa-pinene (35.5 percent) with moderate amounts of p-cymene (11.5 percent), beta-phellandrene (9.2 percent), alfa-phellandrene (9.0 percent) and limonene (5.8 percent). This is the first report of the chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from this plant species.

Smallanthus es un género de plantas perteneciente a la familia Asteraceae que contiene aproximadamente 24 especies, la mayoría ubicadas desde el sur de México, América Central y hasta la cordillera de los Andes en América del Sur. El objetivo del presente estudio fue el de identificar la composición química del aceite esencial de las hojas de S. quichensis. La extracción se realizó mediante el método de hidrodestilación, empleando un instrumento de tipo Clevenger. Se analizó la composición de los aceites mediante CG-FID y CG-EM, utilizando índices de retención obtenidos en una columna capilar tipo DB-5. Se identificaron 100 compuestos, correspondientes a un 90 por ciento de los constituyentes totales. Los aceites están constituidos principalmente por monoterpenoides (ca. 85 por ciento). Los componentes mayoritarios se identificaron como alfa-pineno (64.5 por ciento), acompañado por 1,8-cineol (9.7 por ciento) o, en otra muestra distinta, αlfa-pineno (35.5 por ciento) junto a cantidades moderadas de p-cimeno (11.5 por ciento), beta-felandreno (9.2 por ciento), alfa-felandreno (9.0 por ciento) y limoneno (5.8 por ciento). Este es el primer informe acerca de la composición química de aceites esenciales obtenidos de S. quichensis.

Leaf and fruit essential oil compositions of Pimenta guatemalensis (Myrtaceae) from Costa Rica / Aceites volátiles de hojas y frutos de Pimenta guatemalensis (Myrtaceae) de Costa Rica

Pimenta is a genus of flowering plants in the Myrtaceae family, which has about 15 species, mostly found in the Caribbean region of the Americas. Commonly used for culinary and medicinal purposes, the best known commercial species are allspice, P. dioica (P. officinalis) and bay rum, P. racemosa, but there is little information concerning P. guatemalensis. The aim of the present study was to identify the chemical composition of the leaf and fruit essential oils of P. guatemalensis. The extraction of essential oils of P. guatemalensis growing wild in Costa Rica was carried out by the hydrodistillation method at atmospheric pressure, using a modified Clevenger type apparatus. The chemical composition of the oils was analyzed by capillary gas chromatographyflame ionization detector (GC/FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) using the retention indices on DB-5 type capillary column. A total of 103 and 63 compounds were identified in the leaf and fruit oils, respectively, corresponding to 96.8% and 86.1% of the total amount of the oils. The leaf oil consisted mainly of eugenol (72.8%), and mono- and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (18.2%). Among terpenes the major components were β-caryophyllene (8.2%) and terpinolene (3.0%). The fruit oil also consisted mainly of eugenol (74.7%) and minor amounts of oxygenated mono- and sesquiterpenes (7.3%), mainly caryophyllene oxide (3.3%). This is the first report of the chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from this plant species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (1): 303-311. Epub 2015 March 01.

Pimenta es un género de plantas perteneciente a la familia Myrtaceae que contiene cerca de 15 especies, la mayoría ubicadas en las regiones del Caribe del Continente Americano, donde es utilizado con propósitos culinarios y medicinales. Las especies comerciales mejor conocidas son “pimienta de Jamaica” (P. dioica o P. officinalis) y “bay-rum” (P. racemosa) y existe muy poca información científica acerca de la especie P. guatemalensis. Cuando las hojas y frutos son triturados, desprenden un aroma de composición desconocida. El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar la composición química de los aceites esenciales de las hojas y frutos de P. guatemalensis. La extracción de los aceites esenciales de P. guatemalensis, una especie arbórea silvestre en Costa Rica, se efectuó mediante el método de hidrodestilación a presión atmosférica, empleando un aparato de vidrio de tipo Clevenger. Se analizó la composición química de los aceites esenciales mediante cromatografía de gases con detector de ionización de flama (GC/FID) y cromatografía de gases acoplada a un detector de masas (GC/MS) y, utilizando índices de retención en una columna cromatográfica capilar tipo DB-5. En los aceites de hojas se identificaron 103 y en los de frutos 63 compuestos, correspondiendo a 96.8% y 86.1%, respectivamente, de los constituyentes totales. El aceite de las hojas está constituido principalmente por compuestos de naturaleza fenilpropanoide (72.9%) y de hidrocarburos monoterpénicos y sesquiterpénicos (18.2%). Los componentes mayoritarios del aceite de las hojas se identificaron como eugenol (72.8%), β-cariofileno (8.2%) y terpinoleno (3.0%). El aceite de los frutos está constituido principalmente por eugenol (74.7%), monoterpenos y sesquiterpenos oxigenados (7.3%) principalmente óxido de cariofileno (3.3%). Este es el primer informe acerca de la composición química de aceites esenciales obtenidos a partir de esta especie vegetal.

Essential oil of trees of the genus Ocotea (Lauraceae) in Costa Rica. I. Ocotea brenesii

Se determinó la composición química de los aceites esenciales obtenidos de las hojas y de la madera del árbol Ocotea brenesii Standl., perteneciente a la familia Lauraceae, que crece en forma silvestre en Costa Rica. Para el estudio se utilizaron técnicas de cromatografía de gases capilar con detector de ionización de flama (GC/FID) y cromatografía de gases capilar acoplada a un detector de espectrometra de masas (GC/MS). Del aceite volátil de las hojas fueron identificados 64 constituyentes, que correspondieron a un 85.9% del aceite. Del aceite de la madera se identificaron 57 compuestos que correspondieron a un 69.0% del aceite. Los constituyentes mayoritarios que se identificaron en el aceite de las hojas fueron alfa-copaeno (21.1%), gamma-cadineno (9.2%), espatulenol (7.3%), globulol (5.6%) y beta-cariofileno (5.2%). Los constituyentes mayoritarios del aceite de la madera fueron alfa-copaeno (6.6%), óxido de cariofileno (6.3%), beta-cariofileno (6.1%) y el epóxido del humuleno (4.6%). La composición de los aceites es de naturaleza terpénica y no presentaron compuestos del tipo fenilpropanoide o bencenoide que son constituyentes característicos de la mayoría de los aceites de plantas del género Ocotea investigados anteriormente

The chemical composition of the essential oils from leaves and wood of Ocotea brenesii Standl. growing wild in Costa Rica was determined by capillary GC/FID and GC/MS. From the leaves, 4 compounds were identified, corresponding to 85.9% of the oil, and from the wood 57 compounds were identified corresponding to 69.0% of the oil. The major constituents identified in the leaf oil were alpha-copaene (21.1%), gamma-cadinene (9.2%), spathulenol (7.3%), globulol (5.6%) and beta-caryophyllene (5.2%). The major constituents of the wood oil were alpha-copaene (6.6%), caryophyllene oxide (6.3%), beta-caryophyllene (6.1%) and humulene epoxide (4.6%)

A source of almost pure methyl chavicol: volatile oil from the aerial parts of Tagetes lucida (Asteraceae) cultivated in Costa Rica

The plant Tagetes lucida Cav.(syn.T.florida Sweet,T.schiedeana Less.)is an aromatic herb distributed naturally from Mexico to Honduras,at elevations between 1 000 and 2 000 m.It is used as a spice,for medicine,as insecticide and as ornamental plant.It is cultivated commercially in Costa Rica as a spice herb;it contains an oil having an anise-like odor,and the fresh aerial parts of this plant are sold in the supermarket as a substitute of tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.).The essential oils isolated from aerial parts bought,at May and October,in a supermarket in San José (Costa Rica).Fresh flowering aerial parts,flowers and leaves plus stems, were subjected to hydrodistillation for 3 hr using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus.The distilled oils were collected and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and stored in a freezer (0-10 °C).The light yellow green oil yield was about 0.07%(v/w).GC/MS analyses were performed using a Shimadzu GCMS-QP5050 apparatus and CLASS 5000 software with Wiley 139 computer database.Identification of the components of the oil was performed using the retention indices,which were calculated in relation to a homologous series of hydrocarbons, and by comparison of their mass spectra with those published in the literature or those of our own database. Thirty compounds were identified,of which methyl chavicol (95-97%)was the major constituent.From flower oil,two bithienyls were detected as minor constituents

Los aceites esenciales extraídos de las partes aéreas de la planta Tagetes lucida Cav.cultivada en Costa Rica y utilizada como condimento,fue estudiado mediante la técnica de GC/MS en combinación con los índices de retención.Se identificaron treinta compuestos.El componente mayoritario resultó ser metil chavicol (estragol)en un 95-97%.En el aceite de las flores se detectaron e identificaron dos compuestos minoritarios que resultaron ser bitienilos no informados anteriormente como constituyentes de esta planta

Pharmacological activity of the essential oil of Satureja viminea (Lamiaceae)

The aqueous extract and the essential oil of Satureja viminea (Lamiaceae) were tested. General physiologic effects were assessed through the Hippocratic screening test. Non fasted female Sprague Dawley rats were utilized and 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg doses were used. Two animals were used for each dosage level and for the vehicle alone. Exploratory behavior and curiosity were measured using a hole board apparatus and placing non-trained mice on the board and recording the number of holes explored in a 5 minute period. The Boissier chimney test was used to evaluate motor coordination. Muscle strength was assessed through a grasping test where mice were hung by their fore-limbs 40 cm above the base on a horizontal metal stainless bar. In all these tests, 3 groups of 6 albino mice, were treated with 1000 mg/kg of each the essential oil of S. viminea, the vehicle and diazepan (1 mg/kg) as a positive control. Analgesic activity was explored in Sprague-Dawley rats. The tail flick method described by D'Amour and Smith (1941) modified by CYTED was implemented on three groups (6 rats each) of animals treated with, each the essential oil of S. viminea (1000 mg/kg), the vehicle and indomethacine. The test was carried out just before and 30, 60 and 120 min after oral treatment. Peristaltic activity was measured in albino mice, three groups of 6 animals each, treated orally with each the essential oil of S. viminea (1000 mg/kg), the aqueous extract (1000 mg/kg), and the vehicle. The marker used was activated carbon. Animals were sacrificed 30 min after the marker was given and the percent of total small intestine traversed by it was calculated. Also a lethal dose 50 (LD 50) was determined with the Spearman-Karber method. A dose-related spontaneous motor activity reduction was observed. Exploratory behavior and curiosity were diminished. The grasping strength of mice was reduced. A very clear and significant analgesic effect was observed with the oral administration of the essential oil of S. viminea (1000 mg/kg). This effect is compared to that of indomethacine. Intestinal transit and gastric emptying were inhibited by the essential oil. The LD50 of the essential oil of S. viminea is 556.8 mg/kg.

Volatile constituents of the leaves of Siparuna thecaphora (Siparunaceae) from Turrialba, Costa Rica

The composition of the essential oil from leaves of Siparuna thecaphora (Poepp. et Endl.) A. DC. collected in Turrialba, Costa Rica, was determined by capillary GC/MS. Seventy-six compounds were identified corresponding to ca. 95 percent of the oil. The major components were germacrene D (32.7 percent), alpha-pinene (16.3 percent), beta-pinene (13.8 percent) and beta-caryophyllene (4.1 percent). Thirty-one minor compounds were identified for the first time in this genus of plants

Hypotensive action of an aqueous extract of Pimenta dioica (Myrtaceae) in rats

The intra-venous (i.v.) hypotensive action of the final aqueous fraction of Pimenta dioica was studied in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR). The rats were anaesthetized (sodium pentobarbital 50 mg/kg), the trachea, right carotid artery and jugular vein were cannuated for adequate ventilation, direct blood pressure measurement and intra-venous administration of extract, solutions and drugs. The arterial line was connected to a pressure transducer (Viggo-Spectramed model P23 XL) and a polygraph (Grass model 7H) and monitored continuously during the firts five minutes after plan extract administration and then at 5 and 15 minute intervals for one hour. Responses were taken as the maximum pressure changes observed during this period. Increasing doses of the final aqueous fraction were given i.v. to groups of six SHR each. It produced a dose dependent decrease in blood pressure and the ED50 was 45 mg/kg. To discard that the hypotensive effect of the extracts was due to its ionic composition, a solution containing KCl, NaCl, CaCl2 adn MgCl2 equivalent to hte ion contents present in a dose of 50mg/kg of total asqueous extract was injected to Sprague-Dawley rats (SDN) using the same method as described above. It did not produce singificant changes in blood pressure. Pharmacological antagonistic studies were done injection either autonomic ganglion,alfa adrenoceptor,beta adrenoceptor and cholinergic receptor blockers prior to extract administration in SHR rats. Atropine, propranolol and phentolamine did no affect the hypotensive effect to the final aqueous fraction. With hexamethonium (autonomic ganglion blocker) the hypotensive response was diminished in a significant way (p<0.05). The hypotensive action of the final aqueous extract was not mediated through cholinergic, alfa o beta adrenergic receptors. The extract may posses vasorelaxing activity which could no be eviden after autonomic ganglion blockade due to extreme vasodilation present prior to extract administration. Future studies should address the question of a possible direct vasodilating effect of the extracts. Key words: Pimenta dioica, traditional medicine, herbal medicine, antihypertensive effect, arterial hypertension

Aceites esenciales de las hohas de los frutos verdes de Drimys granadensis (Winteraceae) / Essential oils of the leaves and fruits of Drymys granadensis (Winteraceae)

The composition of the essential oils of the leaves and fruits of Drimys granadensis L. f. (Winteraceae) obtained by hydrodistillation were investigated by GC-MS. The main constituents of the leaves oil were the monoterpenoids 4-terpineol (21.9 percent), sabinene (16.6 percent), gamma-terpinene (8.3 percent) and alpha-terpinene (5.5 ercent), together with the sesquiterpene germacrene-D (10.2 percent). The main constituents of the unripe-fruit oil were the sesquiterpenoids germacrene-D (23.4 percent) and drimenol (10.0 percent)

Constuyentes de los aceites esenciales de las hojas y espigas de Piper bisasperatum (Piperaceae) / Essential oil components in leaves and stems of Piper bisasperatum (Piperaceae)

The composition of the essential oils of the leaves and spikes of Piper bisasperatum Trel. (Piperaceae) obtained by hydrodistillation were investigated by GC-MS. The main constituents of the leaves oil were the sesquiterpenes germacrene D (30.7percent) Beta caryophyllene (9.5 percent) and gamma-elemene (5.9 percent), together with the monoterpene beta-pinene (5.5 percent). The main constituents of the spikes (flowers and fruits) were the monoterpenes beta-pinene (17.5 percent), alpha-pinene (14.0 percent) and the sesquiterpenes germacrene D (19.5 percent), beta-caryophyllene (7.9 percent) and ylangene (7.6 percent). The C6-C1 compounds benzyl benzoate (0.3 percent) and benzaldehyde (< 0.1 percent) were identified for the first time in the genus Piper

Efectos de la administración aguda y subaguda de extractos de Pimenta dioica (Myrtaceae) en rata albinas normotensas e hipertensas / Effect of acute and subacute administration of Pimenta dioica (Myrtaceae)

The intraperitoneal administration of different extracts of Pimenta dioica (L.) Merrill (Myrtaceae) to conscious normotensive and hypertensive rats caused a depression of the central nervous system (CNS). The intensity of this depression depends on the dose. Analgesic and hypothermic effects were also observed. The total aqueous extract was more effective than the ethanolic extract and the final aqueous fraction was the most effective. The peritoneal irritation caused by the extract explains only partially the depressive effect over the CNS. When the final aqueous fraction was given orally to SDN and SHR rats during 14 days there was no observed change on the sistolic blood pressure, heart rate and weight of the animals